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Evaluation of the Dispensing Rate of Isoniazid Used in the Preventive Treatment of Tuberculosis in a Service Specialized in HIV / AIDS

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DOI: 10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/health/isoniazid-used

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

SANTANA, Claudinei Alves [1], GUTIERREZ, Eliana Battaggia [2]

SANTANA, Claudinei Alves. GUTIERREZ, Eliana Battaggia. Evaluation of the Dispensing Rate of Isoniazid Used in the Preventive Treatment of Tuberculosis in a Service Specialized in HIV / AIDS. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento. Year 06, Ed. 04, Vol. 03, pp. 05-21. April. ISSN: 2448-0959, Access link: https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/health/isoniazid-used, DOI: 10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/health/isoniazid-used

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus was one of the main epidemics of infectious diseases of the 20th century. Tuberculosis is a chronic, infectious and contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Both diseases interact becoming a major public health problem. Preventive treatment with isoniazid has an option for non-manifestation of tuberculosis. Treatment adhering is essential for successful prevention. Objective: To evaluate the rate of compliance with preventive treatment with isoniazid, measured through the dispensation of the drug in the pharmacy and the factors associated between subjects with HIV/AIDS and Latent infection by Mycobacterium tuberculousis followed in specialized service in the care of HIV/AIDS patients. Methodology: Retrospective and prospective, descriptive and analytical study with adult patients with HIV/AIDS in follow-up, Extension Service for the Care of HIV/AIDS Patients of the Division of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, using the Hospital Information and Management System (SIGH) implemented in the Outpatient Clinics and Pharmacy Service, and performing the analysis of association between the variables of interest and outcome through the student’s t-test with 95% CI, being considered with statistical significance p ≤ 5%. Results: We included 161 subjects who participated in the study being 78.9% male, 67.7% under 50 years of age, 87.0% with more than 5 years of HIV infection, and complications during preventive treatment were present in 12.4% (20). The rate of adhering to preventive treatment with isoniazid in medical records and electronic prescription was 96% and 83%, respectively, both being higher than 80% according to the recommendation of the World Health Organization and there was no association between the variables of interest and outcome. Conclusion: The high rate can be partially justified by practices adopted in medical and pharmaceutical care such as scheduling drug dispensing dates, unification for dispensing of different medications on the same date, information in the pharmacy about factors that increase the effectiveness of treatment. The adequate care and care provided was ultimately the great responsible for the results achieved.

Keywords: adherence to the ICC, electronic prescription, pharmacy service, tuberculosis, HIV / AIDS.

INTRODUCTION

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was one of the main epidemics of infectious diseases of the twentieth century (BIGGAR, 1988; DE COOK et al, 2011). At the end of 2019 it was estimated that about 38 million people lived with HIV worldwide. (UNAIDS, 2020). In Brazil, from 1980 to June 2020, 1,011,617 cases of AIDS were reported in the country. (BRASIL, 2020).

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, infectious and contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (VERONESI, 2005). In 2018, about 10 million people developed tuberculosis, approximately 9% were living with HIV. (UNAIDS, 2020). TB is the second leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide with 1.5 million deaths in 2018. (UNAIDS, 2020).

In Brazil, in 2019, 73,864 new cases of TB were diagnosed, which corresponded to an incidence coefficient of 35.0 cases/100,000 inhabitants. (BRASIL, 2020).

HIV infection is one of the main risk factors for the development of TB (EL-SADR et al, 2008; STERLING et al, 2010). TB and HIV comorbidity brings special problems for the diagnosis of TB, for the treatment of both diseases and consumes a large portion of health resources in developing countries (FÄTKENHEUER et al, 1999). TB is among the main causes of death among individuals with AIDS in these regions (BLANC et al, 2007).

The treatment of co-infected patients requires the use of tuberculostatic and antiretroviral drugs used concomitantly, and brings as challenges to patients the high number of pills, adherence, the possibility of drug interactions with overlapping toxic effects and inflammatory immune reconstitution syndrome (PADMAPRIYADARSINI et al, 2011).

One of the measures for the prevention of TB, in individuals infected with Mtb and with an increased risk of progressing to disease, is the preventive treatment with isoniazid (TPI) of Latent Mtb Infection (ILMtb) (CONDE et al, 2009; LEUNG et al , 2010; HORSBURGH; RUBIN, 2011; DUARTE et al, 2007). ILMTb is the presence of Mtb in a non-active phase, without producing clinical symptoms. It is estimated that up to a third of the world population is latently infected with Mtb (AKOLO et al, 2010). TPI can reduce the risk in people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) by 33 to 67% for up to 48 months. The World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health, in order to reduce the risk of TB in PVHA , recommend administration of isoniazid (INH), at a dose of 5 to 10 mg / kg / day of weight up to 300 mg for 6 months (540 tablets ) consecutive for the treatment of PLWHA with Tuberculin Test> 5 mm, as long as active TB, current or previous, has been excluded (CONDE et al, 2009). It is important to highlight the risk of asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes such as AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) after starting treatment with INH. (CHURCHYARD et al, 2007; COHN, 2000).

The concept of adhering varies among the authors. It can be defined as being how much the patient follows the guidelines of a health agent, with whom he agreed, and is considered as adherent to the ICC the patient who ingests at least 80% of the prescribed doses (WHO, 2003).

The evaluation of drug therapy adhering can be done directly and indirectly, with biochemical, objective, subjective and clinical methods, which are the most used worldwide (GORENOI et al, 2007).

One of the methods of assessing adherence to therapy may be through the dispensing of medication in the pharmacy, and for that purpose, the availability of systems that accurately record dispensing to patients is necessary (OIGMAN, 2003).

The Pharmacy Service is an integral part of the assistance in specialized HIV/AIDS Care Services according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2008). It is also of great importance the clinical pharmacist’s role in infectious diseases and pharmacy team in the assistance to PLWHA (VAN MIL et al, 2006).

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of ICC membership, measured by the amount of pills dispensed with isoniazid, correlated with the amount prescribed in medical records and the amount prescribed in the electronic prescription and the factors associated between subjects with HIV/AIDS and ILMtb in specialized service in the care of HIV/AIDS patients.

METHODOLOGY

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective and prospective, descriptive and analytical study with adult HIV / AIDS patients undergoing follow-up at the HIV / AIDS Service Extension Service, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Division, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School. (SEAP HIV / Aids), an outpatient clinic specialized in HIV / AIDS, with a Hospital Information and Management System (SIGH) implanted in the Ambulatory to prepare electronic prescriptions and in the Pharmacy Service for dispensing medications. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo under number 1068/08.

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

Subjects who presented at least 1 prescription of INH at the SEAP HIV / AIDS Pharmacy Service in the period from 01/07/2008 to 06/30/2011 were included. Subjects with previous TB and at the time of the study, who did not follow up during the study period and who started the ICC before 07/01/2008, were excluded.

DATA COLLECTION

Data were obtained from medical records through a standardized form, for the entire period of follow-up of the subject in the service; data were obtained through management reports generated from computers located in the Pharmacy Service.

The INH dispensation rate in the Pharmacy Service, the outcome of this study, of INH was calculated as the percentage relationship between the number of pills dispensed by the pharmacy and the estimated number of pills prescribed, according to the record in the medical record of the start and end dates. end of TPI reported in the medical record and the number of pills prescribed electronically (QCP), was calculated through the interval in days between the date of the 1st INH prescription registered at SIGH and the end date multiplied by the number of pills / day. (300mg = 3 cp).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The statistical analysis was performed with the Program SPSS – Statistics, version 17.0. Descriptive analysis of the variables was performed with measures of central tendency (mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum) and proportions, and the Student’s t-test for the associations, with 95% CI, being considered with statistical significance p ≤ 5%.

RESULTS

SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS

We initially selected 203 subjects who presented prescription of INH in the period from 01/07/2008 to 30/06/2011, and after applying the exclusion criteria, 161 subjects were included (Figure 1)

Figure 1 – Subject inclusion algorithm

Source: Elaborated by the author

Table 1- Characteristics of the subjects. SEAP HIV/AIDS, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, 2008 to 2011

Source: Elaborated by the author

Figure 2- Algorithm of complications during the ICC

Source: Elaborated by the author

EVALUATION OF ADESION DESCRIBED IN MEDICAL RECORDS

The evaluation of ICC adhering was recorded in medical records for 13% (21) of the subjects, being considered good in 24% (5) of them. In the evaluation of adhering to subjects who used TARV, there was information in medical records for 53% (79) subjects, being considered good in 41% (32).

Graph 1. Evaluation of ICC adtois described in medical records. SEAP HIV/AIDS, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo – 2008 to 2011


Source: Elaborated by the author

Table 3- Distribution of subjects according to AST, ALT and GGT results for hepatotoxicity evaluation in the pre, concomitant and post-ICC periods. SEAP HIV/AIDS, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo – 2008 to 2011


Source: Elaborated by the author

Table 4- INH tablets prescribed, according to medical records and prescription, and the amount of tablets dispensed by the pharmacy, on average and median, per subject, during the ICC. SEAP HIV/AIDS, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo – 2008 to 2011


Source: Elaborated by the author

Table 5- Median ICC adhering, according to the INH dispensing rate, calculated based on medical records information and according to electronic prescription. SEAP HIV/AIDS, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo – 2008 to 2011


Source: Elaborated by the author

Table 6- Rate of INH adhering to HIV/AIDS subjects according to variables of interest, SEAP HIV/AIDS, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo – 2008-2011

Source: Elaborated by the author

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

In our study we did not identify factors associated with ICC membership. The specialized literature is controversial in relation to and this aspect: while, in some studies, similarly to ours, age, sex, time of infection, concomitant diseases, illicit drugs, TARV, medical follow-up, virological condition and ICC adhering (TULSKY et al, 2000; SHUKLA et al, 2002), were not associated with ICC membership, and others showed association with race/color, age, housing, alcohol, adverse event and country of origin (LOBUE et al, 2003; TULSKY et al, 2000; PARSYAN et al, 2007).

Of the 161 subjects, 12.4% (20) suffered complications during the ICC, these patients were excluded from the analysis of the ades, because such complications negatively influenced the continuity of patients to treatment. However, events such as hepatotoxicity were not reported in these complications.

Regarding the risk of hepatotoxicity (elevation of liver function markers) assessed through laboratory test results, 12.4% of patients presented some type of complications, hepatotoxicity, adverse effect of well-defined and documented INH (CONDE et al, 2009; CHURCHYARD et al, 2007; COHN; O’BRIEN, 2000; CONH, 2000), occurred in a discrete and transitory manner, and did not lead to suspension of the ICC. Apparently, the concern with adhering does not refer to all treatments homogeneously and in this study we identified that while 53% of the subjects had a record in the medical records of the assessment of TARV adhering only 13% had an assessment related to the ICC. Because it is a treatment to reduce the risk of TB and potentially hepatoxic, it would be desirable to be more concerned with its treatment (CONDE et al, 2009; COHN et al, 2000; COHN, 2000).

There are different methodologies for assessing the ICC’s adto, ranging from the proportion of vials provided compared to the predicted, number of patients who finished treatment, proportion of dispensed tablets that were returned to the pharmacy, database with information on medication dispensing and self-report. (HIRANSUTHIKUL et al, 2005; WHO, 2008; TULSKY et al, 2000; SHUKLA et al, 2002; KABALI et al, 2011; BATKI et al, 2002; WHITE et al, 2003).

In this study, the rate of ICC adhering through medical records and electronic prescription information was 96% and 83% respectively, both of which were higher than 80%, which we initially considered appropriate for the ICC to be efficient (VEENING, 1968; FALLAB-STUBI et al, 1998; HIRANSUTHIKUL et al, 2005)

The high rate of ICC adhering can be attributed to service characteristics, reduced waiting time, extended opening hours, personal beliefs, the disease itself, among others (GUSMAO et al, 2006; WHO, 2003, REINERS et al, 2008; NEVES et al, 2010). This rate can be justified, at least partially, by practices adopted in medical and pharmaceutical care: between 2006 and 2008 the pharmacy service of SEAP HIV/AIDS began to schedule the dates of dispensing of medicines, unify the dispensations of different medications on the same date, inform the physicians, through notification in medical records, about the patient’s no-show for removal of DRUGS from ART and INH, and, mainly, clarify patients, individually, about factors that increase the effectiveness of treatment, highlighting the importance of the intake of the medication according to the orientations received and its dispensing on the scheduled date. The pharmaceutical care performed adequately, with the objective of raising the quality of health and life of the patients, was ultimately the great responsible for the result achieved.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Adhering to the recommended treatments is essential to achieve the expected result. Adession is a complex behavior, as well as its evaluation, in this study there are some limitations such as the absence of another method of evaluation of adhering, such as interviews with the medical professional or patient who could collaborate to identify difficulties in issues related to the number of individuals. However, even with the limitations it was possible to identify the membership of the ICC with active participation of the information provided by the Pharmacy Service.

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[1] Clinical Pharmacist in Infectious Diseases. Master of Medical Sciences. Multiprofessional Oncology Specialist. Specialist in Educational Planning and Teaching of Higher Education. Specialist in Hospital Pharmacy.

[2] Infectious Doctor. PhD in Pathology.

Submitted: March, 2021.

Approved: April, 2021.

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