REVIEW ARTICLE
MOREIRA, Danilo José Silva [1], OLIVEIRA, Vinicius Faustino Lima de [2], FONSECA, Juliana Brito da [3], ROSSI, Karoline [4], VASCONCELOS, Suzana dos Santos [5], FECURY, Amanda Alves [6], DENDASCK, Carla Viana [7], DIAS, Claudio Alberto Gellis de Mattos [8], OLIVEIRA, Euzébio de [9], ARAÚJO, Maria Helena Mendonça de [10]
MOREIRA, Danilo José Silva et al. Spectrum of manifestations of IgG4-related disease: a literature review. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento. Year 09, Ed. 01, Vol. 03, pp. 107-121. January 2024. ISSN: 2448-0959, Acess link: https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/health/igg4-related-disease, DOI: 10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/health/igg4-related-disease
ABSTRACT
IgG4-Related Disease is a plasma cell lymphoproliferative condition, associated with increased levels of IgG4 and infiltration of IgG4-positive cells in affected structures. Due to its broad spectrum of manifestations, there are still difficulties in its diagnosis. This study aims to highlight the main clinical manifestations that comprise its spectrum. It is an integrative, descriptive literature review with a qualitative approach, conducted in the databases Embase, PubMed, SCIELO, and Web of Science. Thirty-eight articles were included in this review. It is observed that IgG4-Related Disease has a variable clinical presentation, with reports in the literature of involvement in all organs and systems of the body. The most affected organs are the pancreas, ocular orbits, salivary, and lacrimal glands. It is noteworthy that this variety of manifestations results in different clinical repercussions, which can lead to complicated conditions due to the possibility of affecting vital organs.
Keywords: IgG4-RD, Autoimmunity, Immunoglobulin G.
1. INTRODUCTION
Immunoglobulins (Ig), also known as antibodies, are proteins synthesized by the immune system to provide protection to the organism. They can be divided into 5 classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Immunoglobulins of the IgG type can further be divided into 4 subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 (Araújo et al., 2003; Fiocruz, 2022). IgG4, under normal conditions, accounts for less than 5% of total IgG, being the least frequent (Suarez; Abril; Puerta, 2017).
IgG4-Related Disease (IgG4-RD) is a plasma cell lymphoproliferative condition, associated with increased levels of IgG4 and infiltration of IgG4-positive cells in affected structures. The progression of the inflammatory process generally leads to the development of storiform fibrosis, formed by spindle cells (Suarez; Abril; Puerta, 2017; Ito et al., 2019; Kawanami et al., 2021). The infiltration observed is characterized by the formation of germinal centers that increase the production of IgG4, consequently elevating its serum levels disproportionately to other IgG classes (Perugino et al., 2018; Ito et al., 2019).
Since 1892, there has been knowledge of patients with disorders compatible with the pathological findings of IgG4-RD. However, this concept was proposed and accepted only in the early second decade of the 21st century in Boston, and it is still in effect today (Suarez; Abril; Puerta, 2017).
Because it is a condition discovered relatively recently, there are still not enough studies to estimate its real incidence and prevalence. Most of what is known about the disease’s epidemiology comes from the evaluation of case series, which suggest a higher frequency of involvement in men, mainly encompassing middle-aged and elderly individuals. There is no consensus on predilection in certain ethnicities, although the first reports of autoimmune pancreatitis were documented in Asians (Suarez; Abril; Puerta, 2017; Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018; Wallace et al., 2019b).
The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of IgG4-RD are not fully understood. It is proposed that an as yet unknown factor would act as a trigger for the development of an adaptive immune response, leading to plasma cell infiltration in the affected organ. The protein galectin-3 has been studied in this context as it is believed to act as an antigenic target. Some autoantibodies associated with pathogenesis include: anti-pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, lactotransferrin, and carbonic anhydrase antibodies (Suarez; Abril; Puerta, 2017; Perugino et al., 2019; Tsuboi et al., 2020; Kawanami et al., 2021).
CD4+ T cells, in some models, are also implicated in the disease’s pathogenesis by producing mediators that stimulate fibrosis development (Suarez; Abril; Puerta, 2017; Perugino et al., 2019; Ito et al., 2019). Results from a study conducted by Ito et al. (2019) showed increased levels of regulatory follicular T cells (Tfr) in IgG4-RD patients compared to healthy individuals, as well as positively associating this increase with serum IgG4 levels and the number of organs involved.
There are still significant difficulties in diagnosing IgG4-RD, partly due to the various patterns of involvement that can be observed (Wallace et al., 2019a). This study aims to highlight the main clinical manifestations that comprise the spectrum of IgG4-RD.
2. METHODS
This is a descriptive and qualitative integrative literature review, conducted on the databases Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), and Web of Science.
Four descriptors were used for literature search, obtained from MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and DeCS (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde) platforms. In the former, “Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease” and “Immunoglobulin G” were selected, while in the latter, “Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4” and “Imunoglobulina G” were chosen. The search in the listed databases was performed by combining or using these descriptors individually.
Article inclusion for this review was based on the following criteria: production within the last 6 years and focus on IgG4-Related Disease. Articles in languages other than Portuguese, English, or Spanish were excluded.
The selection of articles for this review occurred in two stages. Firstly, a search and subsequent reading of titles and abstracts of scientific productions were conducted, selecting those that met the inclusion criteria. Subsequently, a full-text reading was performed to select the articles to be included in this review.
In PubMed, the descriptors “Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease” and “Immunoglobulin G” yielded 239 results. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 42 productions were selected for detailed review, of which 29 were included in this review. In Science Direct, the descriptors “Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease” and “Immunoglobulin G” yielded 9 results. Of these, 4 were selected for detailed reading, and all were included in the review. A search on Scielo with the descriptors “Doença Relacionada a Imunoglobulina G4” and “Imunoglobulina G” generated 1 result, which was selected for detailed reading but not included in this review. In Web of Science, the descriptors “Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease” and “Immunoglobulin G” yielded 1 result, which was selected for detailed reading and included in the study. Finally, a search on the Embase platform with the descriptors “Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease” and “Immunoglobulin G” generated 820 results, of which 7 were selected for detailed reading and 4 were included in the final analysis.
The analysis of the included studies was conducted by tabulating the following data from each article in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet: author(s), affected systems, and manifestations. Finally, a synthesis of the obtained data was conducted descriptively and qualitatively.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After applying the method, 38 articles were included in this study. In TABLE 1, the relationship between the types of involvement in specific organ systems can be visualized.
TABLE 1 – Main organs and systems affected within the spectrum of IgG4-RD and their respective clinical manifestations
| Location | Manifestations | Reference |
| Kidneys | Tubulointerstitial nephritis in IgG4-RD | Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Bhattad, Joseph, & Peterson, 2020; Gou et al., 2018; Zheng, Teng, & Li, 2017 |
| Nervous System | Hypertrophic meningitis due to IgG4-RD
Spinal pachymeningitis due to IgG4-RD Hypertrophic pachymeningitis with polycystic subdural hygroma and hematoma in IgG4-RD IgG4-RD related hypophysitis |
Alrashdi, 2020; Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Bong et al., 2021; Boban, Ardal, & Thurnher, 2018; Gersey et al., 2021; Ota et al., 2020; Levraut et al., 2019. |
| Lungs | Pleuritis due to IgG4-RD
Pulmonary IgG4-RD Pulmonary IgG4-RD with tracheobronchial nodules Pleural effusion caused by IgG4-RD |
Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Kang et al., 2020; Lv et al., 2018; Makimoto et al., 2019; Shimada et al., 2021; Wand et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2019.
|
| Orbital orbit | Ocular lacrimal sac IgG4-RD
Ocular IgG4-RD IgG4-RD associated with thyroid eye disease |
Aryasit et al., 2021; Au et al., 2020; Ye et al., 2020. |
| Liver | Hepatic atrophy due to IgG4-RD
Autoimmune hepatitis due to IgG4-RD Sclerosing cholangitis due to IgG4-RD |
Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Chang et al., 2020; Fujita & Hatta, 2020; Goodchild, Pereira, & Webster, 2018; Matsumoto et al., 2019; Minaga et al., 2019. |
| Pancreas
|
Autoimmune pancreatitis due to IgG4-RD | Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Matsumoto et al., 2019. |
| Stomach | Gastroesophageal IgG4-RD
Gastric IgG4-RD Lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in IgG4-RD |
Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Khan et al., 2020; Seo et al., 2018; Skorus, Kenig, & Mastalerz, 2018. |
| Sistema vascular | Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Aortitis Periaortitis Arteritis |
Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Peng et al., 2020; Prucha et al., 2019. |
| Ovary | Ovarian IgG4-RDAk | Akyol et al., 2020; Alorjani et al., 2020. |
| Testicle | IgG4-related testicular disease | Shams et al., 2021. |
| Prostate | IgG4-related prostatitis | Al-Mujaini et al., 2018. |
| Oral cavity | IgG4-RD involving the mandible | Tong, Ng, & Lo, 2017. |
| Head and neck | Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis | Ahn and Flanagan, 2018. |
| Skeletal muscle | IgG4-RD in biceps | Özdel et al., 2020. |
| Abdomen | Abdominal mass
Retroperitoneal fibrosis Sclerosing mesenteritis |
Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Olmos et al., 2021. |
| Skin | Cutaneous IgG4-RD
Cutaneous pseudolymphoma in IgG4-RD |
Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Ishimoto et al., 2021. |
| Chest | Sclerosing mediastinitis in IgG4-RD
Sclerosing mastitis due to IgG4-RD IgG4-RD inflammatory pseudotumors of the breast IgG4-related constrictive pericarditis |
Al-Mujaini et al., 2018. |
| Thyroid | IgG4-related thyroid disease and
Fibrous Hashimoto’s thyroiditis |
Al-Mujaini et al., 2018. |
Source: Prepared by the authors (2023).
3.1 CLINICAL ASPECTS
IgG4-RD has a variable clinical presentation, and can affect a specific organ or several, synchronously or metachronously. The evolution is usually not acute, therefore symptoms such as fever, prostration, malaise, night sweats and even weight loss are uncommon (Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
Clinically, allergy-related symptoms, lymphadenopathy and tumors occur in a considerable proportion of patients, who may have elevated IgE levels and peripheral blood eosinophilia (Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018). Several of the clinical manifestations presented by patients with IgG4-RD are associated with the compressive effect of the tumor mass on adjacent structures, as well as on the affected organ itself (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
3.2 MAIN ORGANS AFFECTED
Overall, the most frequent involvements are pancreatic, orbital, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands (Al-Mujaini et al., 2018). However, involvements in other sites, as mentioned in TABLE 1, may be discovered, considering that IgG4-RD can occur virtually in any organ and that conditions previously considered as part of other diseases are now being classified within the IgG4-RD spectrum (Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
IgG4-RD was first reported in pancreatic involvements, in type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis (AIP), where histopathological evidence indicates lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis. A characteristic of IgG4-related AIP is the involvement of other structures such as kidneys, bile ducts, peritoneal fibrosis, lymph nodes, and orbital orbit. Involvement of the liver by IgG4-RD and the biliary duct system, in many cases, is associated with type 1 AIP (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018; Cargill et al., 2019).
The nervous system has a higher occurrence of cases in specific structures. When it occurs in the meninges, the picture is one of hypertrophic pachymeningitis, which can cause symptoms such as headache, seizures, or symptoms related to specific cranial nerve deficits, such as vision, motor, sensory deficits, among others. In cases where there is IgG4-RD in the pituitary gland, the symptoms depend on some characteristics of the mass such as its location and size, but generally, pituitary hormonal deficiencies occur (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
Regarding the involvement of lacrimal and salivary glands, the old disease of Mikulicz has been updated in nomenclature, so that when the site is the lacrimal gland, it is called IgG4-related dacryoadenitis, while in the case of inflammation of the salivary glands, the nomenclature has become IgG4-related sialadenitis. In terms of clinical presentation, there is usually the coexistence of type I AIP, interstitial nephritis, and negative antibodies such as anti-RO, anti-LA, antinuclear, and rheumatoid factor (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
Still, in cranial topography, even in rare described cases, otological, nasal, and throat involvements have been reported. The manifestation of nasal IgG4-RD can present as an invasive mass with destructive characteristics, including in nearby bony structures, or it can present with a plasmacytic infiltrative pattern (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
In the orbital involvement of IgG4-RD, the manifestation is usually a disease in both orbits, painless, with symptoms associated with the presence of the mass in the region. It can involve structures such as lacrimal glands and ducts, sclera, extraocular muscles, local soft tissues, and nervous structures such as the trigeminal nerve (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018; Au et al., 2020).
When it comes to thyroid involvement in IgG4-RD, it is currently classified as Riedel’s thyroiditis and fibrosing Hashimoto thyroiditis. Riedel’s thyroiditis consists of chronic fibrosclerotic infiltrative disease, leaving the thyroid with a hardened appearance, while in fibrosing Hashimoto thyroiditis, it is characterized by layers of fibrosis and IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltrations (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018; Wu; Sun, 2019).
In the kidneys, in the context of IgG4-RD, there are two more common findings which are tubulointerstitial nephritis and membranous glomerulonephritis, clinically manifesting due to kidney dysfunction. In IgG4-related renal disease, tubular destruction and atrophy occur. The histological pattern of storiform fibrosis with good margin delimitation assists in differentiating between IgG4-RD and other primary forms of renal involvement (Zheng; Teng; Li, 2017; Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
In the lungs, IgG4-RD manifests with nonspecific symptoms, and the patient presents with chest pain, dyspnea, and cough. IgG4-RD can present as interstitial disease or as a pseudotumor, which can be verified on imaging exams (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
Involvements of IgG4-RD in the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) present with infiltrative fibrosis and thickening of the GIT wall, as well as pseudotumors. Esophagitis and gastritis in IgG4-RD are mentioned in the literature with higher occurrences, although in the case of the esophagus, it is considered rare. The presence of neoplasia should be ruled out (Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
IgG4-RD can also affect retroperitoneal structures, in most cases with characteristics of chronic and infiltrative inflammation. The symptoms are associated with the affected anatomical structure, as well as its expansion to adjacent structures, reaching the kidneys and inferior vena cava by compression. Periaortitis and periarteritis in IgG4-RD occur more commonly in the abdominal aorta, iliac, renal, and mesenteric arteries, which can evolve into a common complication in these cases, which is inflammatory aneurysm (Al-Mujaini et al., 2017; Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
In the case of lymphadenopathy in IgG4-RD, it can occur in a specific topography or in a generalized form, being painless and of variable size up to 5 centimeters. IgG4-related lymphadenopathy has differential diagnoses such as lymphoma, infections, neoplasms, among others (Al-Mujaini et al., 2018; Obiorah; Velasquez; Özdemirli, 2018).
Other involvements listed in TABLE 1, such as IgG4-RD in gonads, prostate, skin, oral cavity, and skeletal muscle, have had few studies and reported cases in the researched literature. Regarding skeletal muscle involvement, a Turkish publication by Özdel et al. (2020) emphasized that the case reported by them is the first in pediatric patients. In another Turkish study, Akyol et al. (2020) reported a case of bilateral ovarian involvement, with peritoneal involvement in a 58-year-old patient. Tong, Ng, and Lo (2017) reported a case of mandibular involvement in a 46-year-old woman in Hong Kong.
4. CONCLUSION
The vast range of manifestations of IgG4-RD is noted, varying in associated clinical impact, but which can characterize complicated conditions due to the possibility of affecting vital organs of the human body, including structures of the CNS, liver, and kidneys. In addition, the broad spectrum of conditions reported in the literature may suggest that virtually all organ systems are susceptible, although the evaluation of the literature has shown the greatest involvement of glandular tissues, especially the pancreas, which was indeed the first organ implicated in the spectrum of IgG4-RD manifestations.
Therefore, it becomes necessary to include the differential diagnosis of IgG4-RD in the evaluation of every patient with diseases whose proliferation at the primary site causes compression of adjacent structures, as well as in very nonspecific conditions where more common hypotheses have been ruled out. Further studies are needed for a better characterization of IgG4-RD, as manifestations that were once considered other diseases are now found within the spectrum of IgG4-RD.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
AKYOL, S. et al. IgG4-Related Disease of the Ovary. Turk Patoloji Derg, v.37, n.1, p. 63-66, jul., 2020.
AL-MUJAINI, A, et al. Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease: An Update. Oman Medical Journal, v.33, n.2, p. 97-103, 2018.
AHN, J; FLANAGAN, M. Eosinophilic Angiocentric Fibrosis: A Review and Update of Its Association With Immunoglobulin G4–Related Disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med. v.142, n.12, p. 1560–1563, 2018.
ALORJANI, M. S. et al. A 47-Year-Old Woman with Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) -Related Disease Involving the Right Ovary. Am J Case Rep, v. 21, 2020.
ALRASHDI, M. N. Immunoglobulin G4-related spinal pachymeningitis. Saudi Medical Journal, v.41, n.6, p. 652-656, 2020.
ARAÚJO, M. A. et al. Avaliação das subclasses IgG1 e IgG3 na doença hemolítica perinatal. Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter, v. 25, n. 4, p. 201-206, 2003.
ARYASIT, O. et al. IgG4-related disease in patients with idiopathic orbital inflammation. BMC Ophthalmol, v. 21, n. 356, 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02115-x.
AU, S. C. L. et al. Immunoglobulin G4–related lacrimal sac dacryocystocele: A novel case report. American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports, v.19, p. 1-3, 2020.
BHATTAD, P. B. JOSEPH, D. L; PETERSON, E. IgG4-Related Disease Manifesting as Hypocomplementemic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review. Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports, v.8, p. 1–5, 2020.
BOBAN, J; ARDAL, S; THURNHER, M. M. Leptomeningeal form of Immunoglobulin G4-related hypertrophic meningitis with perivascular spread: a case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology, v.60, n.7, p. 769–773, 2018.
BONG, J. B. et al. Immunoglobulin G4-related disease presenting with peripheral neuropathy: a case report. BMC Neurology, v.21, p. 1-5, jan., 2021.
CARGILL, T. et al. Activated T-Follicular Helper 2 Cells Are Associated With Disease Activity in IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis and Pancreatitis. Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology, v.10, n.4, p. 1-12, 2019.
CHANG, A. et al. Immunoglobulin G4-associated autoimmune hepatitis with peripheral blood eosinophilia: a case report. BMC Gastroenterol, v.20, n.420, p. 1-5, 2020.
FIOCRUZ. O que é IgM e IgG?. 2022. Disponível em:<https://www.bio.fiocruz.br/index.php/br/noticias/1739-o-que-e-igg-e-igm>. Acesso em: 25 out. 2022.
FUJITA, K; HATTA, K. Liver atrophy in IgG4-related disease: An autopsy case. Human Pathology: Case Reports, v.20, p. 1-4, 2020.
GERSEY, Z. C. et al. Immunoglobulin G4 hypophysitis in a 63-year-old woman with no autoimmune history: a case report. J Med Case Reports, v.15, n.446, p. 1-8, 2021.
GOODCHILD, G; PEREIRA, S. P; WEBSTER, G. Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis. Korean J Intern Med. v.33, n.5, p. 841-850, 2018.
GOU, S. et al. Immunoglobulin G4-related Kidney Disease Associated With Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, v.12, n.4, p. 243-246, 2018.
ISHIMOTO, U. et al. Punctate Purpura Complicated with Immunoglobulin G4-related Disease. Intern Med, v.60, n.6, p. 867-872, 2021.
ITO, F. et al. IL-10+ T follicular regulatory cells are associated with the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Immunology Letters, v. 207, p. 56-63, mar. 2019
KANG, J. et al. Long-term clinical course and outcomes of immunoglobulin G4-related lung disease. Respir Res, v.21, n.273, p. 1-9, 2020.
KAWANAMI, T. et al. Comprehensive analysis of protein-expression changes specific to immunoglobulin G4-related disease. Clinica Chimica Acta, v. 523, p. 45-57, dez. 2021.
KHAN, S. et al. Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease Manifesting as Isolated, Typical, and Nontypical Gastroesophageal Lesion: A Research of Literature Review. Digestion, v.101, n.5, p. 506–521, 2020.
LEVRAUT, M. et al. Immunoglobulin G4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, v.6, n.4, p. 1-10, 2019.
LV, X. et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics of IgG4-related interstitial lung disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, v.15, n.2, p. 1465-1473, 2018.
MAKIMOTO, G. et al. Long-term spontaneous remission with active surveillance in IgG4-related pleuritis: A case report and literature review. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, v.28, p. 1-6, 2019.
MATSUMOTO, K. et al. Immunoglobulin G4-related Liver Disease Overlapping with Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis That Was Diagnosed Simultaneously with Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Intern Med, v.58, n.24, p. 3537–3543, 2019.
MINAGA, K. et al. Autoimmune hepatitis and IgG4-related disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, v. 25, n.19, p. 2308-2314, 2019.
OBIORAH, I. E; VELASQUEZ, A. H; ÖZDEMIRLI, M. The Clinicopathologic Spectrum of IgG4-Related Disease. Balkan Medical Journal, v.35, p. 292-300, 2018.
OLMOS, R. D. et al. IgG4-related Disease: a diagnostic challenge. Autops Case Rep, v.11, p. 1-7, 2021.
OTA, K. et al. Polycystic subdural hygroma associated with immunoglobulin G4-elated intracranial hypertrophic pachymeningitis:a case report. BMC Neurology, v.20, n.228, p. 1-4, 2020.
ÖZDEL, S. et al. A new location for pediatric immunoglobulin G4 related disease: the biceps muscle. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, v.62, n.3, p. 495-497, mai./jun., 2020.
PERUGINO, C. A. et al. Identification of galectin-3 as an autoantigen in patients with IgG4-related disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol., v. 143, n. 2, p. 736-745, 2019.
PENG, L. et al. IgG4-related aortitis/periaortitis and periarteritis: a distinct spectrum of IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Research & Therapy, v.22, p. 1-11, 2020.
PRUCHA, M. et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm as an IgG4-related disease. Clin Exp Immunol, v.197, n.3, p. 361-365, 2019.
SEO, H. S. et al. IgG4-related Disease in the Stomach which Was Confused with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST): Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature. J Gastric Cancer. v.18, n.1, p. 99-107, 2018.
SHAMS, A. et al. IgG4-Related Disease with Selective Testicular Involvement- A Rare Entity: Case Report with Review of Literature. Turk Patoloji Derg, v.37, n.1, p. 78-83, 2021.
SHIMADA, H. et al. Pleuritis associated with immunoglobulin G4-related disease under normal thoracoscopic fndings: a case report. J Med Case Reports, v.15, n.241, p. 1-5, 2021.
SKORUS, U.; KENIG, J.; MASTALERZ, K. IgG4-related disease manifesting as an isolated gastric lesion – a literature review. Pol Przegl Chir, v.90, n.4, p. 41-45, 2018.
SUAREZ, O. A; ABRIL, A.; PUERTA, J. A. G. IgG4-related disease: A concise review of the current literature. Reumatol Clin., v. 13, n. 3, p. 160-166, mai./jun., 2017.
TONG, A. C. K; NG, I. O. L; LO, M. C. M. Immunoglobulin G4–related sclerosing disease involving the mandible. Hong Kong Medical Journal, v.23, p. 534-536, 2017.
TSUBOI, G. et al. Pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Comparação com a síndrome de Sjögren. Modern Rheumatology, v. 30, n. 1, p. 7-16, jan. 2020.
WALLACE, Z. S. et al. Clinical phenotypes of IgG4-related disease: an analysis of two international cross-sectional cohorts. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, v. 78, n. 3, 406-412, 2019a.
WALLACE, Z. S. et al. Immunoglobulin G4-related Disease. Clin Chest Med, v. 40, n. 3, p. 583-597, set. 2019b.
WAND, O. et al. Non-tuberculous, adenosine deaminase-positive lymphocytic pleural effusion: Consider immunoglobulin G4-related disease. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis, v.37, n.2, p. 225–230, 2020.
WANG, X. et al. IgG4-related disease with tracheobronchial miliary nodules and asthma: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, v.19, n.191, p. 1-8, 2019.
WU, N; SUN, F. Y. Clinical observation of orbital IgG4-related diseases. Experimental And Therapeutic Medicine, v.17, p. 883-887, 2019.
YE, H. et al. Elevated Immunoglobulin G4 Levels in Patients with Thyroid Eye Disease and Their Clinical Implications. Invest Oftalmol Vis Sci. v.61, n.5, p. 1-7, 2020.
ZHENG, K; TENG, F; LI, X. M. Immunoglobulin G4-related kidney disease: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine, v.3, n.3, p. 138-147, set., 2017.
[1] Graduating in Medicine from the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP). ORCID: 0000-0001-5366-663X. Currículo Lattes: http://lattes.cnpq.br/1083418332031478.
[2] Graduating in Medicine from the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP). ORCID: 0000-0002-3797-8200. Currículo Lattes: http://lattes.cnpq.br/9535921049442818.
[3] Student of Medicine at the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP). ORCID: 0000-0002-4293-2821. Currículo Lattes: http://lattes.cnpq.br/2957457330917059.
[4] Student of Medicine at the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP). ORCID: 0000-0003-4518-2920. Currículo Lattes: http://lattes.cnpq.br/8169447371427223.
[5] Student of Medicine at the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP). ORCID: 0000-0003-4751-7712. Currículo Lattes: http://lattes.cnpq.br/6911069085442715.
[6] Advisor. Biomedical practitioner, PhD in Tropical Diseases, Professor and researcher at the Medicine Course at Campus Macapá, Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), and at the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS UNIFAP), Pro-Rector of Research and Postgraduate Studies Graduation (PROPESPG) from the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP). ORCID: 0000-0001-5128-8903. Currículo Lattes: https://lattes.cnpq.br/9314252766209613.
[7] PhD in Psychology and Clinical Psychoanalysis. PhD in progress in Communication and Semiotics from the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC/SP). Master’s degree in Religious Sciences from Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Master’s degree in Clinical Psychoanalysis. Degree in Biological Sciences. Degree in Theology. He has been working for over 15 years with Scientific Methodology (Research Method) in the Scientific Production Guidance of Masters and Doctoral Students. Specialist in Market Research and Research focused on the Health area. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-4337. Currículo Lattes: https://lattes.cnpq.br/2008995647080248.
[8] Biologist, PhD in Behavior Theory and Research, Professor and researcher at the Institute of Basic, Technical and Technological Education of Amapá (IFAP), the Postgraduate Program in Professional and Technological Education (PROFEPT IFAP) and the Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network (PPG-BIONORTE), Amapá hub. ORCID: 0000-0003-0840-6307. Currículo Lattes: https://lattes.cnpq.br/8303202339219096.
[9] Biologist, PhD in Tropical Diseases, Professor and researcher of the Physical Education Course at the Federal University of Pará (UFPA). ORCID: 0000-0001-8059-5902. Currículo Lattes: https://lattes.cnpq.br/1807260041420782.
[10] PhD student in Health Care Sciences at the Fluminense Federal University (UFF). Master in Health Sciences from the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP); Specialist in Family Health from the State University of Ceará, UECE, Brazil; Specialist in Occupational Medicine Gama Filho University, UGF, Brazil; Specialist in Occupational Health and Human Ecology from the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Brazil; Specialist in Clinical Medicine at the Hospital dos Servidores of the State of Pará; Doctor from the State University of Pará (UEAP). ORCID: 0000-0002-7742-144X. Currículo Lattes: http://lattes.cnpq.br/8427706088023830.
Material received: August 3, 2023.
Peer-approved material: December 26, 2023.
Edited material approved by the authors: January 31, 2024.
