ORIGINAL ARTICLE
SAMPAIO JUNIOR, Cloves Rocha [1]
SAMPAIO JUNIOR, Cloves Rocha. Methodology of the isometric polar Cartesian trigonometric circle in the GeoGebra software demonstrating the rationality of the constant π. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento. Year 08, Issue 08, Vol. 05, pp. 61-109. August 2023. ISSN: 2448-0959, Access link: https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/mathematical-olympiads/trigonometric-circle, DOI: 10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/mathematical-olympiads/trigonometric-circle
ABSTRACT
The article will present mathematical models demonstrating calculations of the relationships and proportions of the infinite periodic trigonometric circle using the GeoGebra software in the Cartesian, isometric, and polar planes. It will consider the first quadrant of the trigonometric cycle for the calculations of the trigonometric identities functions and apply the same reasoning calculations for the other quadrants. The infinite relationships and proportions between the circumferences’ perimeters and their diameters, the angles (radian arcs) of the circumferences, and square roots. The oldest universal constant of mathematics, involved in circular symmetries, circular paths of stars and planets, in the propagation of electromagnetic fields, circles, and spheres and their relationships and proportions, are all approximated. Its relationship can be known exactly, or we must limit ourselves to the approximations of the calculations of the number π. This procedure can be calculated with the help of computing, and trying to obtain its rational and periodic value with a ruler and compass will only lead to frustration. The demonstration carried out in the GeoGebra software, through mathematical models in the Cartesian, isometric, and polar planes, shows the interlinked calculations and theorems of the relationships and proportions with rational and periodic values of the infinite sums of the rational periodic calculations of the number π (pi) (BECKMANN, 1971).
Keywords: Number π (pi), Trigonometric circle, Radian angles, Polygons.
1. INTRODUCTION
Study of mathematics responsible for the relationship and proportion existing between the sides and angles of a right triangle. They have known fractional values represented for the relationships of sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant, and secant. From the 15th century to the modernity of calculations and the creation of theoretical situations related to the study of angles in differential and integral calculus functions by scientists Isaac Newton and Leibniz, with definitive methods in the mathematical field, these are constantly employed in other sciences such as Medicine, Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, Astronomy, Biology, Cartography, and Navigation.
2. DEVELOPMENT
2.1 TRIGONOMETRIC CIRCUMFERENCE IN THE CARTESIAN PLANE
In the orthogonal Cartesian system, let’s consider point A (0,1) on the A(x) axis, with an abscissa of 1. We then construct a circle with center at the origin O (0,0) of the system, passing through A, with a unit radius. We will conventionally consider point A as the origin of the oriented arcs of this circle, meaning that to traverse these arcs, point A will always be the starting point. Thus, given a plane α, a point O (0,0), at a distance Radius (r), we have: C: x 2 + y2 =IR (real numbers).
Figure 1. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=1

Figure 2. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=0.5

Figure 3. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=1.5

Figure 4. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=2

Figure 5. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=2.5

Figure 6. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=3

Figure 7. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=3.5

Figure 8. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=4

Figure 9. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=4.5

Figure 10. Demonstration of the trigonometric circle in the Cartesian plane with radius=5

2.2 TRIGONOMETRIC CIRCUMFERENCE IN THE ISOMETRIC PLANE
The circumference is a set of points in a plane where the distance to a specific point in that plane is equal to a given distance. The given point is the center, and the given distance is the radius (r) of the circumference. Thus, given a plane α, a point O (0,0), at a distance Radius (r), we have: C: x2 + y2 = IR (real numbers).
Figure 11. Trigonometric circle in the isometric plane diameter=

Table 1. Demonstration in the isometric plane of infinite rational periodic fig. 11

2.3 SPECIAL VALUES
From convenient right triangles, the definitions of sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant, and (secant) allow for the following table of infinite notable periodic rational values (IEZZI, 1993).

2.4 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The trigonometric functions on the trigonometric circle are associated with the four axes, where the trigonometric functions sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant will be defined in the Cartesian plane.
Figure 12. The four axes of the complete trigonometric functions. C: x 2 + y2 = 1

2.4.1 SINE
The definition of sine α as the ratio and proportion between the opposite cathetus to α and the hypotenuse of the right triangle. Therefore, one can define a function from R to R, such that for each x, it associates y=sine α.
From the definition of the function y=f(x)=sine x, it follows that the Domain: D(F)=R; image:
Figure 13. Complete trigonometric functions sine α 60º C: x 2 + y2 = 1

2.4.2 COSINE
The definition of cosine α as the ratio and proportion between the adjacent cathetus to α and the hypotenuse of the right triangle. Therefore, one can define a function from R to R, such that for each x, it associates y=cos α.
From the definition of the function y=f(x)=cos x, it follows that the Domain: D(F)=R; image:
Figure 14. Demonstration of the four axes of the complete trigonometric functions. Cosine (α=60º) C: x 2 + y2 = 1

2.4.3 TANGENT
The definition of tangent α as the ratio and proportion between the opposite cathetus (α) and the adjacent cathetus (α), and the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
Figure 15. Demonstration of the four axes of the complete trigonometric functions. Tangent (α=60º) C: x 2 + y2 = 1

2.4.4 COTANGENT
The definition of cotangent (α) is the inverse of the tangent, being the ratio and proportion between the adjacent cathetus (α) and the opposite cathetus (α), and the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
Figure 16. Demonstration of the four axes of the complete trigonometric functions. Cotangent (α=60º) C: C: x 2 + y2 = 1

2.4.5 COSECANT
The definition of cosecant (α) is the inverse of sine, being the ratio and proportion between (α), the hypotenuse, and the opposite cathetus (α).
Figure 17. Demonstration of the four axes of the trigonometric functions. Cosecant: C: x 2 + y2 = 1

2.4.6 SECANT
The definition of secant (α), as the reciprocal of cosine, corresponds to the ratio and proportion of the hypotenuse by the adjacent cathetus.
Figure 18. Demonstration of the four axes of the trigonometric functions. Secant: C: x 2 + y2 = 1

2.5 IRRATIONAL NUMBER Π
Its representation, by the Greek letter π (pi), comes from the Greek word for perimeter (πρειµετρoς), and was introduced in 1706 by William Jones (1676-1749), and popularized by Leonhard Euler (1707-1783). Mathematicians from various eras have tried to find a rationality for the constant π. The proof that the constant π is an irrational number was made by Johann Lambert in 1761 and Legendre in 1794. The number π is a transcendental number, which was proved by Ferdinand Lindemann in 1882.
2.5.1 CIRCUMFERENCE PERIMETER
The circumference’s length, that is, its perimeter c, can be calculated using the equation. C=π*d 2*π*r.
π(pi) constant=3.141 592 653 589 389 171 543 687 321 706 908 213…
2.5.2 RATIONALITY OF THE CONSTANT Π
The circle is the internal area (α), delimited on the circumference, which can be calculated using the equation. Área(a)=π*r2.
Area (2*π) =6.283 185 307 178 778 343 087 374 643 413 816 427 962…
Figure 19. Demonstration and comparisons of the trisection of the circumferences’ perimeters

The search for the rationality of π, some historical approaches

2.5.3 CLASSICAL METHODS OF BABYLONIA (2000 B.C.)
Archaeologists have been working systematically in Mesopotamia since before the mid-19th century and have unearthed over half a million clay tablets, of which four hundred have been identified as strictly mathematical. Museums in Paris, Berlin, and London, as well as some universities like Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania, have excellent collections of these tablets, which vary in size and are approximately one and a half centimeters thick. They are often rounded in shape, with cuneiform inscriptions on only one of their faces, and sometimes on both.
The number of continuous fractions π inhabits approximately
The number of the continuous fraction π, infinite periodic rational
Figure 20. Demonstration of the division of the classical Babylonian method of the circumference

2.5.4 CLASSICAL METHODS OF THE RHIND PAPYRUS BY AHMES (1650 B.C.)
The Egyptian scribe Ahmes, 2000 B.C. Most of these problems come from measurement formulas necessary for calculating land areas and barn volumes. One of these records states that the area of a circle is equal to a square whose side is the diameter. The continued fraction of π approximately inhabits:
Figure 21. The classical methods of the Rhind papyrus with rational values

2.5.5 ARCHIMEDES OF SYRACUSE (250 B.C.)
The Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 B.C.) discovered a highly efficient method for obtaining sequences of approximations of the constant π. In his work On the Measurement of the Circle, he developed a method of successive approximations for calculating the circumference of a circle.
He constructed regular polygons inscribed and circumscribed and divided the perimeter of each by the diameter of the circle, his studies with regular hexagons and doubling the number of sides of these polygons until reaching a polygon of 96 sides.
Figure 22. Demonstration of Archimedes’ classical methods

Figure 23. Archimedes’ classical methods with rational values

2.6 ARCS AND ANGLES OF A CIRCUMFERENCE (DEGREE AND RADIANS)
The circumference in which two points A and B are taken. The circumference will be divided into two parts called arcs. Points A and B are the endpoints of these arcs. When A and B coincide, one of these arcs is called null and the other, an arc of one turn; we will say that the null arc measures 0º and the arc of one turn measures 360º. This way: of the arc of one turn. As submultiples of the degree, we have: 1 minute
, of the degree, or 60 minutes = 1 degree (60’=1º), and 1 second
of the minute, or 60 seconds = 1 minute (60” = 1’).
A radian is the measure of an arc that corresponds to the same length as the radius (r) of the circumference in relation to the central angle.
An arc of one radian (1 rad) is one whose length is equal to the radius of the circumference. C = 2*π*r – 360º – 2 π radianos (NETO, 1978).
Figure 24. Demonstration of the dynamic trigonometric circle infinite rationals

Figure 25. Demonstration between circles and their diameters rational values

Figure 26. Demonstration between circles and their diameters rational values

Figure 27. Demonstration between circles and their diameters rational values

Figure 28. Demonstration between circles and their diameters rational values

Figure 29. Demonstration between circles and their diameters rational values

Figure 30. Demonstration between circles and their diameters rational values

Figure 31. Demonstration between circles and their diameters rational values

Figura 32. Demonstração entre circunferências e seus diâmetros valores racionais

Figure 33. Demonstration of rational division proving with calculations (0.9999…≠1)

2.7 PROOFS OF THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM AND THE RATIONAL SQUARE ROOT 
The Pythagorean theorem is named after the Greek mathematician Pythagoras (570 B.C.-495 B.C.). The theorem’s definition is a mathematical relationship between the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. The area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse is the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the catheti
2.8 THE DIAGONAL (D) OF THE SQUARE
Pythagoras knew at the time, however, that his theorem had a flaw. When the legs of the triangle were equal, his theorem did not work because there would be no irrational measure for the hypotenuse Mathematicians who succeeded him since that time tried to understand why the sides of the triangle did not have a common measure, they could not be measured exactly through a unit common to both.
Indeed, suppose the hypotenuse is (p), and the legs are equal and represented by the letter (q). It is known that p / q is an irreducible fraction, leaving an even numerator and an odd denominator, or vice versa. The application of the theorem results in (p² = 2q²). Obviously, (p²) is even, as it is twice (q²), that is, it comes from a product of a number multiplied by 2. If p² is even, it implies that p is even (the square of an even number is always even, and the square of an odd number is always odd), so (q) must be odd, otherwise the given fraction would not be irreducible. Now, let’s make (p = 2k), since p is even, we rewrite: (2k) ² = (2q²), simplifying results in (4k² = 2q²) which results in (2k² = q²).
Let’s calculate the diagonal (d) of the square as a function of the side L. The problem can also be formulated as follows: given the side L, calculate the diagonal (d). Applying the Pythagorean theorem, we can calculate the hypotenuse from the squares of the legs
Figure 34. Demonstrations of rational results of the Pythagorean theorem

2.9 THE DIAGONAL (D) OF THE CUBE
Let’s calculate the diagonal (D) of the cube as a function of the side L. Applying the Pythagorean theorem to the triangle, we have
Figure 35. Demonstrations of the results of the Pythagorean theorem: (p² = 2q²)

Figure 36. Trigonometric circle at (3 d) of atomic rational values

Figure 37. Demonstration of trigonometric circle in (3 d) of rational values

3. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Mathematicians from various times sought to find a rationality for the constant π. However, they came to an incredible discovery for the time of the existence of irrational numbers. The proof that the constant π is irrational was made by Johann Lambert in 1761 and Legendre in 1794. In addition to being irrational, π is a transcendental number, which was proved by Ferdinand Lindemann in 1882. This means that there is no polynomial with integer or rational coefficients. The decimal representation is unpredictable.
The results of the demonstrations of the Cartesian, isometric, and polar mathematical models, with infinite periodic rational calculations, can be applied in all sciences, geometries of circular and spherical bodies, physics, and astronomy.
REFERENCES
BECKMANN. P. A History of (pi)π. Citação Archimedes of Syracuse cap. 6; pg.63. Citação Leonhard Euler cap.14; pag. 149, Electrical Engineering Department University of Colorado. Ed. Barnes & Noble Books. United States of America, 1971.
IEZZI. G. Trigonometria. Matemática; 2º grau. Versão azul; (et al.). São Paulo: Atual, 1993.
NETO. A. A. Trigonometria Noções de Matemática. 2º grau;(et al.). São Paulo: Ed. Moderna, 1978.
WIKIPÉDIA. O papiro de Rhind. A enciclopédia livre, 2022.
[1] High school completed. ORCID: 0009-0001-1467-1150.
Sent: June 5, 2023.
Approved: July 12, 2023.